Salzburg

Salzburg
Panorama of Salzburg
Salzburg
Country	Austria
State	Salzburg
District	Statutory city
Mayor	Heinz Schaden (SPÖ)
Area	65.678 km2 (25.4 sq mi)
Elevation	424 m  (1391 ft)
Population	150,269  (31 December 2006)
- Density	2,288 /km² (5,926 /sq mi)
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	S
Postal code	5020
Area code	0662
Website	www.stadt-salzburg.at

Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Austria
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv, vi
Reference	784
Region**	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1996  (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Salzburg (Austro-Bavarian: Såizburg; literally: "Salt Fortress") is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg.

Salzburg's "Old Town" (Altstadt) with its world famous baroque architecture is one of the best-preserved city centres north of the Alps, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. The city is noted for its Alpine setting. Salzburg was the birthplace of 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In the mid-20th century, the city was the setting for parts of the musical and film The Sound of Music, which also features famous landmarks in Austria. With three universities

Salzburg is the capital city of the State of Salzburg (Land Salzburg), and is home to a large student population.

Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 Population development 3 History 3.1 Antiquity to Early Modern period 3.2 Independence of Salzburg 3.3 Modern Era 3.3.1 Religious conflict 3.3.2 Illuminism 3.4 The Electorate of Salzburg 3.5 Austrian Annexation of Salzburg 3.6 Salzburg under Bavarian rule 3.7 The division of Salzburg and the annexation by Austria and Bavaria 3.8 20th Century 3.8.1 World War I 3.8.2 Part of German Third Reich 3.8.3 World War II 3.8.4 Present Day 4 Districts 5 Main sights 6 Notable citizens 7 Events 8 Transportation 9 Popular culture 10 Language 11 Sports 12 International relations 12.1 Twin towns — Sister cities 13 See also 14 Gallery 15 References 16 External links

Geography

Salzburg is on the banks of the Salzach River, at the northern boundary of the Alps. The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak– the 1972 m Untersberg– is only a few km from the city centre. The Altstadt, or "old town", is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Festung Hohensalzburg. This area is surrounded by two smaller mountains, the Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg, which act as the green lungs of the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km east of Munich, 281 km northwest of Ljubljana, and 300 km west of Vienna.

Climate

The climate of Salzburg is cool and humid (Köppen Cfb).

Climate data for Salzburg-Flughafen (LOWS)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[1]

Population development

In 1935 the population significantly increased when Salzburg absorbed adjacent municipalities. After World War II, numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space was created for American soldiers of the postwar Occupation, and could be used for refugees when they left. In around 1950 Salzburg passed the mark of 100,000 citizens, and in 2006 it reached the mark of 150,000 citizens. In the agglomeration, about 210,000 are residing as of 2007.

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	%±
1869	27,858	—
1880	33,241	19.3%
1890	38,081	14.6%
1900	48,945	28.5%
1910	56,423	15.3%
1923	60,026	6.4%
1934	69,447	15.7%
1939	77,170	11.1%
1951	102,927	33.4%
1961	108,114	5.0%
1971	129,919	20.2%
1981	139,426	7.3%
1991	143,978	3.3%
2001	142,662	−0.9%
2008	149,201	4.6%
Source: Statistik Austria

History

Antiquity to Early Modern period

Traces of human settlements have been found in the area dating to the Neolithic Age. The first settlements at Salzburg were apparently begun by the Celts.

Around 15 BC the separate settlements were merged into one city by the Roman Empire. At this time the city was called Juvavum and was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45 AD. Juvavum developed into an important town of the Roman province of Noricum. After the collapse of the Norican frontier, Juvavum declined so sharply that by the late 7th century it had become a "near ruin".

The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth. When Theodo of Bavaria asked Rupert to become bishop c. 700, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica. Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor Piding. Rupert named the city "Salzburg". He traveled to evangelise among pagans.

The name Salzburg means "Salt Castle". It derives its name from the barges' carrying salt on the Salzach River, which were subject to a toll in the 8th century, as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers.

The Festung Hohensalzburg, the city's fortress, was built in 1077 and expanded during the following centuries.

Independence of Salzburg

Independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire.

Modern Era

Religious conflict

On 31 October 1731, the 214th anniversary of Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg School door, Roman Catholic Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, the Emigrationspatent, directing all Protestants to recant their non-Catholic beliefs or be banished from the city. (This is not to be confused with many similar edicts of expulsion issued against the Jews in various cities in Europe.)

Landowners were given two days to sell their lands and leave. Cattle, sheep, furniture and land all had to be dumped on the market, and the Salzburgers received little money from the well-to-do Catholic allies of Von Firmian. Von Firmian confiscated much of their land for his own family, and ordered all Protestant books and Bibles burned. Many children aged 12 and under were seized to be raised as Roman Catholics. But those who owned land benefited from one key advantage: the three-month deadline delayed their departure until after the worst of winter.

Tenant farmers, tradesmen, labourers and miners were given only eight days to sell what they could and leave. The first refugees marched north in desperately cold temperatures and snow storms, seeking shelter in the few cities of Germany controlled by Protestant princes. Their children walked or rode on wooden wagons loaded with baggage. As they traveled, the exiles' savings were quickly drained. They were set upon by highwaymen, who seized taxes, tolls and payment for protection by soldiers from robbers.

The story of their plight spread quickly as their columns marched north. Goethe wrote the poem "Hermann and Dorothea", which,though depicting disruptions caused in the aftermath of the French Revolution, was prompted by the story of the Salzburg exiles' march. Protestants and some Catholics were horrified at the cruelty of their expulsion in winter, and the courage they had shown by not renouncing their faith. Slowly at first, the refugees arrived at towns that welcomed them and offered them aid. But there was no place where so many refugees could settle.

Finally, in 1732 King Frederick William I of Prussia accepted 12,000 Salzburger Protestant emigrants, who settled in areas of East Prussia that had been devastated by the plague twenty years before.^[2] Other smaller groups made their way to Debrecen and the Banat regions of the Kingdom of Hungary, to what is now Slovakia and Serbia; the Kingdom of Hungary recruited Germans to repopulate areas along the Danube River decimated by the plague and the Ottoman invasion. The Salzburgers also migrated to Protestant areas near Berlin and Hanover in Germany; and to the Netherlands.

On March 12, 1734, a small group of about sixty exiles from Salzburg, who had travelled to London first, arrived in the British North American colony of Georgia seeking religious freedom. Later in that year, they were joined by a second group, and, by 1741, a total of approximately 150 of the Salzburg exiles had founded the town of Ebenezer on the Savannah River (see John A. Treutlen).

The Protestant Salzburgers in Prussian Lithuania kept a distinct ethnic German identity over the following centuries, keeping their language in churches and schools. Their descendants were expelled after World War II.

The ethnic German refugees went to western Europe, the United States and other western nations. Those who settled in West Germany founded a community association to preserve their historic identity as Salzburgers.^[3]

Illuminism

In 1772-1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo, Salzburg was a centre of late Illuminism.

The Electorate of Salzburg

In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon and handed over to Ferdinand III of Tuscany, former Grand Duke of Tuscany, as the Electorate of Salzburg.

Austrian Annexation of Salzburg

In 1805 Salzburg was annexed to the Austrian Empire together with Berchtesgaden.

Salzburg under Bavarian rule

In 1809 the territory of Salzburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat at Wagram.

The division of Salzburg and the annexation by Austria and Bavaria

At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, it was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which passed to Bavaria. Salzburg was integrated into the Salzach province and Salzburgerland was ruled from Linz.^[4] In 1850 Salzburg's status was once more restored as the capital of the Duchy of Salzburg, a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The city became part of Austria-Hungary in 1866 as the capital of a crownland into the Austrian Empire.

20th Century

World War I

Salzburg, as a capital of an Austro-Hungarian territory, was defeated in 1918.

Part of German Third Reich

During the Anschluss Austria, and Salzburg as a part of it, was annexed to the German Third Reich on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduled referendum about Austria's independence. German troops were moved to the city. Political opponents, Jewish citizens and other minorities were subsequently arrested and deported. The synagogue was destroyed and several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other nations were organized in the area.

World War II

During World War II, the KZ Salzburg-Maxglan concentration camp was located here. It was a Roma camp and provided slave labour to local industry.

Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were demolished, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, it is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. American troops entered Salzburg on May 5, 1945.

In the city of Salzburg there were several DP Camps following World War II. Among these were Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine. Salzburg was the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria.

Present Day

After World War II Salzburg became the capital city of the State of Salzburg (Land Salzburg).

On January 27, 2006, the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Mozart, all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells a little after 8PM (local time) to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year.

Districts

Salzburg has 24 urban districts and 3 extra-urban populations.

• Aigen
• Altstadt
• Andrä Viertel
• Elisabeth Vorstadt
• Gneis
• Gnigl
• Herrnau
• Itzling
• Langwied
• Lehen
• Leopoldskron-Moos
• Liefering
• Maxglan
• Morzg
• Neustadt
• Nonntal
• Parsch
• Riedenburg
• Sam
• Schallmoos
• Taxham

Main sights

Salzburg is a tourist favourite, with the number of tourists outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include:

Old Town

• The entire Old Town of Salzburg was nominated as a World Heritage Site in 1996.
• The baroque architecture including the many churches are world famous.
• The Salzburg Cathedral (Salzburger Dom)
• The Hohensalzburg Castle (Festung Hohensalzburg) on a hill dominating the old town is one of the largest castles in Europe, with views over Salzburg.
• The Franziskanerchurch
• The St. Peter's cemetery (Petersfriedhof)
• The Nonnberg Abbey a Benedictine monastery
• The "Residenz" Palace (the magnificent former Prince-Archbishop's residence)
• Mozart's Birthplace
• Mozart's Residence
• The University Church
• The Siegmundstor (or Neutor)
• The Getreidegasse

Outside the Inner Old Town

• Palace of Mirabell with its wide gardens full of flowers.
• St. Sebastian's cemetery (Sebastiansfriedhof)
• The palace of Leopoldskron is a rococo palace and a national historic monument in Leopoldskron-Moos, a southern district of the city of Salzburg.
• Hellbrunn with its parks and castles
• Tour companies operate tours of locations used in the film The Sound of Music.

Within the greater Salzburg area

• Anif Castle
• The Basilika Maria Plain on the Calvary Hill, a late Baroque church, on the northern edge of Salzburg.
• Salzburger Freilichtmuseum Großgmain, an open-air museum containing old farmhouses/farm buildings from all over the state assembled in historic setting.
• The Schloss Klessheim Palace (today a Casino) was formerly used by Adolf Hitler.
• The Berghof, Hitler's mountain retreat of which only the Eagle's Nest remains, was in nearby Berchtesgaden.
• The Salzkammergut is an area of lakes in the Salzburg state, east of the city and further on into the provinces of Upper Austria and Styria.
• The Untersberg mountain is next to the city, straddling the German-Austrian border, and on a clear day provides panoramic views of the city and the Alps.
• Skiing is an attraction during winter. Salzburg itself has no skiing facilities, but it acts as a gateway to skiing areas to the south. During the winter months its airport receives charter flights from around Europe.

Zoo Salzburg

• The Salzburg Zoo is in the South of the city, in the municipality of Anif.

Notable citizens

• The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born and raised in Salzburg and worked for the archbishops from 1769 to 1781. His house of birth and residence are tourist attractions. His family is buried in a small church graveyard in the old town, and there are many monuments to "Wolferl" in the city.
• Christian Doppler, an expert on acoustic theory, was born in Salzburg. He is most known for his discovery of the Doppler effect.
• Josef Mohr was born in Salzburg. Together with Franz Gruber, he composed and wrote the text for "Silent Night". As a priest in neighbouring Oberndorf he performed the song for the first time in 1818.
• King Otto of Greece was born Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria at the Palace of Mirabell, a few days before the city reverted from Bavarian to Austrian rule.
• Noted writer Stefan Zweig lived in Salzburg for about 15 years, until 1934.
• Maria Von Trapp (later Maria Trapp) and her family lived in Salzburg until they fled to the USA following the Nazi takeover.
• Salzburg is the birthplace of Hans Makart, a 19th-century Austrian painter-decorator and national celebrity. Makartplatz (Makart Square) is named in his honour.
• Writer Thomas Bernhard was raised in Salzburg and spent part of his life there.
• Herbert von Karajan was a notable musician and conductor. He was born in Salzburg and died in 1989 in neighbouring Anif.
• Anthropologist Udo Ludwig was born here.
• Roland Ratzenberger, Formula One driver, was born in Salzburg. He died in practice for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.
• Joseph Leutgeb, French horn virtuoso
• Klaus Ager, the distinguished contemporary composer and Mozarteum professor, was born in Salzburg on 10 May 1946.
• Alex Jesaulenko, Australian rules footballer and AFL Hall of Fame player with "Legend" status was born in Salzburg on 2 August 1945.
• Georg Trakl is one of the most important voices in German literature and he was also born in Salzburg.
• Theodor Herzl worked in the courts in Salzburg during the year after he earned his law degree in 1884.^[5]

Events

• The Salzburg Festival is a famous music festival that attracts visitors during the months of July and August each year. A smaller Salzburg Easter Festival is held around Easter each year.
• The Europrix multimedia award takes place in Salzburg.

Transportation

The city is serviced by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east-west trains servicing Vienna, Munich, Innsbruck, and Zürich, including daily high-speed ICE services. The city acts as a hub for south-bound trains through the Alps into Italy.

Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such as Frankfurt, Vienna, London, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Brussels, Düsseldorf and Zürich, as well as Hamburg and Dublin. In addition to these, there are numerous charter flights.

In the main city there is a trolleybus and bus system with more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg has an S-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes, and they are in the ÖBB net. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world famous Silent Night chapel in Oberndorf in about 25 minutes.

Popular culture

In the 1960s, the movie The Sound of Music was filmed in Salzburg and the state of Salzburg. The movie was based on the true story of Maria von Trapp, a Salzburg-based nun who took up with an aristocratic family and fled the German Anschluss. Although the film is not particularly popular among Austrians, the town draws many visitors who wish to visit the filming locations, alone or on tours.

Salzburg is the setting for the Austrian crime series Stockinger.

In the 2010 film Knight & Day, Salzburg serves as the backdrop for a large portion of the film.

Language

Austrian German is widely written. Austro-Bavarian is the German dialect of this territory and widely spoken.

Sports

The former SV Austria Salzburg reached the UEFA Cup final in 1994. On April 6, 2005 Red Bull bought the club and changed the name into FC Red Bull Salzburg. The club's future plans are to be among the 10 best European football clubs. The home Stadium of Red Bull Salzburg is the Wals Siezenheim Stadium in a suburb in the agglomeration of Salzburg, was one of the venues for the 2008 European Football Championship.

• Winter Olympics: Salzburg was a candidate city for 2010 Olympic Winter Games. It was a favourite in its 2010 bid, but lost to Vancouver, Canada.

On January 24, 2005, Salzburg was selected by the Austrian Olympic Committee as their applicant city for the 2014 Winter Olympics. It was selected as a candidate city by the IOC on June 22, 2006 along with Sochi, Russia and Pyeongchang, South Korea but was eliminated in the first round of voting on July 4, 2007 in Guatemala City, Guatemala. Sochi was selected as host city of the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Reims, France, since 1964 Atlanta, United States, since 1967 Verona, Italy, since 1973

León, Nicaragua, since 1984 Dresden, Germany, since 1991[6] Kawasaki, Japan, since 1992

Meran, Italy, since 2000 Shanghai, China, since 2004 São João da Madeira, Portugal, since 2007

See also

• Salzburgerland

Gallery

The Salzburg basin	Salzburg seen on takeoff from Salzburg Airport	The fortress (background), Salzburg Cathedral (middle), River Salzach (foreground)	A sunny day on the fortress
Festung Hohensalzburg (background), Kapitel Square with the "Pferdeschwemme", (foreground)	ÖBB rail connection to Salzburg in Innsbruck	Untersberg mountain	Mozart Monument
Fountain in the Residenzplatz	Palace of Mirabell.	Mozart's birthplace	View of the old town and fortress, seen from Kapuzinerberg

References

External links

Information-related

• www.salzburg.eu – The official information platform for Salzburg
• City Bus System - Official Site
• "Business Location Salzburg - A powerful region", Salzburg´s economy

Culture-related

• Fine Arts and Culture in Salzburg – article by local students
• Official Website of the Salzburg Festival Salzburger Festspiele
• Mozart's Salzburg – article by Brian Robins
• Digitized Salzburg objects in The European Library
• Georgia Salzburger Society – The website of the Georgia Salzburger Society, descendents of the refugees who settled in Georgia after their expulsion from Salzburg in 1731.

Olympic-related

• Salzburg 2014 – 2014 Olympic bid website

Tourism-related

• Salzburg (city) travel guide from Wikitravel
• Salzburg Tourist Office – salzburg city tourist board website.
• Salzburg Region Tourist Office – tourist board website.
• More than 1000 articles and photos from Salzburg
• Various Salzburg Information Sorted by categories. Choose from 5 langages.
• Salzburg Photo Galery

Cities and districts (Bezirke) of the state of Salzburg Cities Salzburg Districts Hallein • Salzburg-Umgebung • St. Johann im Pongau • Tamsweg • Zell am See

Administrative seats of Austrian states Bregenz • Eisenstadt • Graz • Innsbruck • Klagenfurt • Linz • Salzburg • Sankt Pölten • Vienna

World Heritage Sites in Austria East Cultural Landscape of Fertő / Neusiedlersee1 · Cultural Landscape of Wachau  · Historic Centre of Vienna · Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn · Semmering railway2 South Cultural Landscape of Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut2 · Historic Centre of the City of Graz and Schloss Eggenberg · Semmering railway2 West Cultural Landscape of Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut2 · Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg 1 Shared with Hungary · 2 Shared with other region/s